What is it about??Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease from the endocrine group.In all patients, the false absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to insufficiency of the hormone insulin, which can either be relative or absolutely.
What should be eating?A balanced diet, including a large amount of fruit and vegetables, whole grain products, low -fat proteins and healthy fats, can help people with diabetes to control the blood sugar level.
General performance rules for diabetes
Today, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most urgent problems in medicine.Statistics show that the number of diagnosed patients has doubled since 2013.At the moment, more than 425 million people suffer from him.The forecast is unfortunately sad.It is possible that after 10-12 years the number of patients in the world will be 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease from the endocrine group.In all patients, the false absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to insufficiency of the hormone insulin, which can either be relative or absolutely.
As a result, patients develop hyperglycemia, which is characterized by persistently high blood sugar.Diabetes mellitus leads to a violation of all kinds of metabolism, namely carbohydrate, fat, protein, mineral and water salt.
It is worth noting for what reasons the disease develop.When a person destroys destruction or pancreas, the type -1 -diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Most of the time, an absolute insulin deficiency occurs in such a situation.Genetics can also play a role here, as can various external factors - food habits, viral diseases, violation of hygiene principles, etc.
In the case of diabetes of the second type, insulin resistance develops.Insulin deficiency is relative within this type.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia.
Regardless of the type of disease, all patients have an increase in blood sugar.Due to their resistance to glucose carbohydrates, cells are missing.This means that glucose instead of going to the cage only floats in the blood.
Every patient with diabetes should adhere to a diet prescribed by the treating doctor.The patient must reduce the carbohydrate load by 5-7 %, the amount of the fat used should be increased.
Not long ago, diet for diabetes meant a complete exclusion of simple carbohydrates.But today the diet is compiled by patients individually and calculated by KBZHU.From the diabetics themselves you can often hear the following phrase: "With diabetes there are no strict prohibitions, there is only a healthy lifestyle."
The basis for a diet is a glycemic index that shows the sugar extraction.
A high glycemic index has a high content of simple carbohydrates.This includes confectionery, jam, cookies, etc. That means that sugar is quickly absorbed by you.Croats, vegetables and fruit have a low index, the suction rates when you use them.This enables the pancreas to be finished more easily with the load.
Important:The patient's diet should include products whose glycemic index is below 55.Your division gradually occurs and the blood sugar level practically does not increase.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows how much insulin is increased after his food.The value must be taken into account by every patient with diabetes in order to predict what the body's reaction looks like to the use of a certain food, and to correctly calculate the dosage of insulin as a drug, in short and extended.Injections of the drug are prescribed by a doctor after eating.
In fact, the patient is eaten, the meal will definitely come to release insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of so -called "insulin fluctuations".The more there is, the higher the likelihood of resistance.The latter in turn leads to the development of type -2 -diabetes.Let us give an example.
Many of us tend to believe that dairy products and fermented dairy products such as cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt are the perfect snack.In fact, all of these products have a very high insulin index.Therefore, the use of them forces the momentum of the swing, which leads to a change in the patient's emotional background, the bad mood and irritability.
In the following we will analyze the basis of nutrition for diabetes.
Diet for type -1 diabetes
Proper balanced nutrition in type 1 diabetes opens the following possibilities: to reduce the risk of strokes, heart attacks and complications, to maintain normal blood sugar levels, to increase the protective mechanisms of the immune system and to remove excess weight.Subject to the diet recommended by the applicable doctor, the patient will feel good.
The main rule is to control the glucose level in the blood;It should fluctuate in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:
- You should not eat more than 2,000 kilocalories every day.
- The meals are fractionated, in small portions.At least 5 meals a day.
- The food should not contain a pure sucrose, as this contributes to maintaining a normal glucose mirror.
- Most of the carbohydrates should eat in the first half of the day.
- Avoid late meals.
- Maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates contained in baked goods, jams, confectionery and honey.
- Use of a sweetener.Stevia works perfectly here.It is important to give preference to products with natural composition.
- Creating a schedule for insulin therapy during meals.A long -effective drug is administered before meals, and a short -altered drug is then administered.
- Leading records over grain units.The value of each meal should not exceed 8 bread units.
If the patient suffered from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the past, you should exclude salty, smoked, fatty foods (including brewing), coffee, lemonade, alcoholic drinks, fungi and canned food.In other words, you should not consume anything that promotes excessive secretion of enzymes, as it affects the speed of carbohydrate intake.
The products are allowed and forbidden for diabetics.The following classification must be taken into account when compiling a weekly menu.A competent approach normalizes the glucose level in the blood.Ignoring the recommendations of nutritionists can lead to sad consequences.
More products for type -1 diabetes:
- Baking without yeast prepared.For example lavash.
- Berries and fruits.For example plums, cherry, citrus fruits, apples, pears.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Muesli and muesli (barley, oatmeal, buckwheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including soup Puree.
- Drinks, including poor carbonated mineral water, mousse of berries, unsweetened compotas.
- Vegetables.For example onions, zucchini, pepper, beets, carrots.
- Nuts.
- Nick -Fed coffee, tea without sugar.
Forbidden products for type -1 diabetes:
- Fat soups and brewing.
- Pasta.
- Bakery.
- Confectionery.
- Sweets and chocolate.
- Fast food dishes, semi -fixed products.
- Alcohol.Red dessert wine in particular is prohibited.
- Smoked, spicy, heavily salted.
- Fat -containing meat, especially pork, lamb, duck.
- Fat fish.For example mackerel.
It is important that the food in nutrition only experiences a minimal degree of processing during their preparation.
It is advisable to consume vegetables and fruit raw, but also steamed, cooked or baked are acceptable.Fried foods are not recommended by doctors.
When the patient drives sport, the diet can be adapted in times of intensive physical activity, since the training leads to higher carbohydrate consumption.
In order to avoid a hyperglycemic coma in a patient, it is recommended to include vegetable products in its diet that reduce blood sugar levels.For example, this can be a blueberry infusion or rosehip tea.
Important:If the disease is available, the patient should adhere to the individual diet prescribed by the treating endocrinologist and not in general recommendations.If a patient injects insulin has a body mass index that indicates obesity, his daily calorie intake should be between 1200 and 1400 kcal.If no weight correction is required, the daily calorie intake increases.
Diet for type 2 diabetes
The nutrition for type 2 diabetes is based on the following principles:
- Sweet fabrics are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should make up 20 %of food, fat - 30 %, carbohydrates - 50 %.
- The consumption of animal fats should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily calorie intake depends on how much energy the patient consumes during the day, as well as his weight.It is necessary that there are 5 meals over the day that are either steamed or served.
Since diabetics have an increased sensitivity of the kidneys, you should not exaggerate it with protein -containing foods.The diet must contain foods that contribute to improving fat metabolism.This includes bran, rosehip flowers, vegetable oils, grain and fermented dairy products.
To understand how effective the diet is, blood sugar tests are prescribed to the patient at certain intervals.The first blood sample takes place on an empty stomach, the next two hours later.If the results differ from the normal values, the doctor adapts the patient's diet and also changes the dosage of the medication.
The power supply for type -2 -diabetes does not differ significantly from the food habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Both these and others feed on small portions, but often.The recommended number of meals per day is 5, they include 3 main meals, each with 5-8 bread units and 2 snacks 1-2 bread units.
You cannot ignore breakfast, it is very important for rational meals.It is necessary to eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal is at least an hour and a half before going to bed.According to the above recommendations, there is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, eye lesions (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and the nervous system (neuropathy).
Useful products for diabetes mellitus
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on the metabolism, normalizes the patient's blood sugar indicators and improves blood clotting.It is advisable to use it every day.
Whole grain products
Products such as whole grain bread, cinema seeds and brown rice prevent the development of diabetes.The normalization of the glucose mirror in the blood due to its use can be explained by a sufficient amount in its composition of fiber.Since whole grain products create a barrier for sugar jumps with a special wish to eat something with a high glycemic index, they definitely have to add complex carbohydrates to the court.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps improve the sensitivity of cells to insulin.This spice takes part in the regulation of the insulin level.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, so that it is used not only for diabetics, but also for high blood pressure.
Citrus
All citrus fruits have antioxidants.They also normalize the insulin level.
Nuts
Nuts contain a large amount of mono -saturated fats and magnesium.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who regularly eat nuts suffer less than others from glucose jumps.
olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.In addition, the product regulates the glucose level in the blood.
Fish
Fish is the source of Omega-3.These fatty acids should be an obligatory component of diet in diabetes.They synthesize red blood cells and cell membranes, positively influence the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Legumes
Legumes are another stabilizer of the glucose mirror in the patient's blood.They have practically no saturated fats that damage the heart cycle system.
Green leaf vegetables
Lettuce leaves, spinach, all types of cabbage are the basis of the diet for diabetes.Such products are low in calories, but at the same time they contain a sufficient amount of useful substances.The latter include vitamin C, beta-carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by 14%.Recommended dosage - 106 grams daily.
Forbidden products for diabetes mellitus
Today, doctors believe that it is not necessary to strictly limit patients with diabetes in diet.Patients can afford to eat delicious and varied, but there are a number of products from which are still recommended not only to do without diabetics, but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
Some fruits
Some fruits and dried fruits produce an increase in blood sugar.These include dried apricots, dates, figs, raisins, persimmon, melon, grapes, bananas.
Transfinery
Transfins are rich in dishes from a Fast food menu and margarine, confectionery.They not only harm health, but also a figure.
Semi -finals products
Half -finished products are manufactured using additives such as flavors, stabilizers and flavor enhancers.In particular, it is not recommended to buy fish sticks, Cotazes, meatballs, sausages, dumplings and sausage in shops.If you really want, it is better to cook you yourself.
Fat foods
Fat food provokes blood sugar.The power supply for diabetes should not include ducks, pork, lamb, lard, mayonnaise and fat milk products.
bakery
Baking is also to be excluded.It includes bakery products, muffins and cookies.
Sweet
It is necessary to abandon sugar in its pure form, as well as from products that contain it in large quantities.Under the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, jam, halva, jam, jam and other sweets.
Table No. 9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the 20th century, 15 diets for diabetics and patients with other diseases were developed.Your authorship belongs to a well -known nutritionist.Despite the fact that his system is outdated today, it has not lost its effectiveness, so many doctors still use it today.
A place for patients with type -2 -diabetes -in 9 tables.Table No. 9 is based on the same principles that are used today: partly or complete rejection of faster carbohydrates, special attention for proteins and fiber.
The diet can still be used even though it was created more than 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their own adjustments depending on the patient's condition.
Diet for pregnancy diabetes
Pregnancy diabetes is a result of a misalignment of a pancreas of a pregnant woman.As a rule, this condition is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- Do not consume sugar, cake, cake, sdoba, fruits with a high sugar content as well as sugar replica and products that contain it.
- The BJU should have the following shares - 30 %, 20 %, 50 %.
- It is necessary to drink from 1.5 to 2 liters of clean drinking water every day.
- Include starchy products in the diet, which include cereals, legumes, butchers, beets, radishes, as well as fermented milk products.
- Fresh fruits are perfect for a snack.
- The total number of meals is 5, 3 of which are the main and 2 snacks.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for expectant mothers.
- To reduce sugar, drink decocements from plants: celery, linden, purple, blueberries and beans.
- Turn or limit caffeine in the nutrition.The number of portions tea and coffee should not exceed 2 every day.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main causes of the development of diabetes in children are an inherited predisposition or lack of rational nutrition.In the latter case, we talk about the abuse of simple carbohydrates and sweet.In some cases, diabetes appear in a child due to mental or physical trauma.Depending on the severity of the disease, the treatment is selected individually.The main task is played by nutrition and the introduction of insulin when we talk about type -1 diabetes.
The diet of children with diabetes must include vegetables: cabbage, onions, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only those that contain a minimal amount of sugar.Fatty meat, poultry and fish are also allowed.Dairy products - provided they have a low percentage of fat content.Permitted spices that improve the absorption of proteins are acceptable.
Current and sweet fruits - under a strict ban.It is also recommended that rice are excluded.
The doctors present teach parents of their secondary patients to calculate the amount of bread units and the dosage of insulin.Important: The earlier the child learns to do it himself, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes mellitus
It is recommended that alcohol is strictly limited if it is not possible to completely give up its use.The applicable doctor determines how much alcohol a patient can be caused by a patient.
Alcohol in a small amount is permitted, but here it is important to remember some things.
The more alcohol, the more calories in it.There are 710 kilocalories per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and this is not much lower than with fats.Every alcohol drink also has an energy value, it also has carbohydrates.A glass of beer is about 200 kilocalories and a glass of wine is about 100.
Why is it not recommended to drink alcohol?The thing is that it provokes jumps in sugar and can lead to hypoglycemia, that is, a sharp decrease in glucose levels.When you drink alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organ spends its energy breaking down alcohol molecules and forgets that it also needs to release glucose.To prevent this, it is better to consume alcohol during meals or immediately after eating.
Incidentally, some scientists believe that alcohol not only does not only harm alcohol, but also has little use for patients with type -2 -diabetes.
It is important to remember that alcohol causes the growth of the glucose mirror.Its regular use can lead to the development of diabetes of the second type.
In addition, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.Among them are insulin and sulfonylmochevina.This combination can cause strong hyperglycaemia.
How do I drink alcohol who suffers from diabetes?
- Consider the calorie content of alcohol together with the usual diet.
- Preference for low calorie drinks in which there are only a few calories.
- Don't drink on an empty stomach.
- Eat alcohol.
- Control of the glucose mirror in the blood.
- Warn about your illness in a company where you drink alcohol.Have people ready to provide emergency assistance if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and medicine.